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DNA replication and RNA synthesis

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Install App DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA to generate two identical copies, each of which is passed on to daughter cells during cell division. It is a crucial biological process that ensures genetic continuity and fidelity across generations. Here's an overview of DNA replication: 1. **Initiation**:    - DNA replication begins at specific sites called origins of replication. In eukaryotic cells, these origins are marked by the binding of initiator proteins.    - Helicase enzymes unwind and separate the DNA strands at the origin, creating a replication bubble. 2. **Elongation**:    - DNA polymerase enzymes are responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strands. These enzymes require a primer (a short RNA sequence) to initiate nucleotide addition.    - The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction (the same direction as the unwinding), while the lagging strand

bioenergetics and enzymology : overview

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like comment share welcome nice to see you again. Share via WhatsApp Bioenergetics is the study of how living organisms convert and utilize energy. It encompasses the various processes by which cells capture, store, and use energy to carry out their functions. Two fundamental processes within bioenergetics are photosynthesis, which occurs in plants and certain bacteria, and cellular respiration, which occurs in all living cells. These processes involve the conversion of energy between different forms, primarily involving the molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glucose. 1. **Photosynthesis**:    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process occurs in chloroplasts and consists of two main stages:    - **Light-Dependent Reactions**: Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments, generating ATP

cell cycle for growth and division

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Timed Pop-up Widget Sidebar ✖ Need help? Chat with us on WhatsApp! Start Chat Show Widget The cell cycle is a series of events that a cell undergoes as it grows and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of distinct phases that ensure accurate DNA replication, cell growth, and division. Here's an overview of the cell cycle for growth and division: 1. ** Interphase :**    - ** G1 Phase (Gap 1 )**: The cell grows, carries out its normal functions, and prepares for DNA replication.    - ** S Phase (Synthesis )**: DNA replication occurs, resulting in the synthesis of identical copies of the cell's genetic material (chromosomes).    - ** G2 Phase (Gap 2) **: The cell continues to grow, synthesize proteins, and prepare for cell division. 2. ** Mitotic Phase:* *    - ** Mitosis **: The nucleus of the cell divides into two daughter nuclei, each

nose and it's cartilage

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The cartilage of the external nasal bones is a crucial component of the nose's structure, contributing to its shape and stability. The external nasal bones, also known as the nasal bones, are the two small, oblong bones that form the bridge of the nose. They are the uppermost part of the nasal skeleton. The cartilage in the nose is referred to as the nasal cartilage or nasal septal cartilage, and it plays a significant role in shaping and supporting the external structure of the nose. It is a flexible and elastic type of cartilage that is found within the soft tissue of the nose. Key Functions of Nasal Cartilage: 1. Nasal Framework : The nasal cartilage provides support and structure to the nasal framework. It helps maintain the shape and contour of the nose, contributing to its overall appearance. 2. Nasal Tip Support: The nasal cartilage contributes to the support of the nasal tip. It helps maintain the position and projection of the tip, ensuring it remains stable