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Free Radicals and Cell Injury Quiz Free Radicals and Cell Injury Quiz Free radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer shell. True False Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a type of free radical. True False Free radicals are always harmful and have no physiological roles in the body. True False Antioxidants are molecules that neutralize free radicals and protect cells from their damage. True False Free radicals can cause damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids in cells. True False Oxidative stress is a condition where the body has an excessive amount of antioxidants. True False Mitochondria are a major source of free radicals in cells. True False Free radical-ind

Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury Pathology Quiz Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury Pathology Quiz Cellular swelling is a reversible change seen in cell injury. True False Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of irreversible cell injury. True False Apoptosis is an example of reversible cell injury. True False Cellular adaptation is a mechanism that can occur in response to reversible cell injury. True False Loss of cell membrane integrity is a hallmark of reversible cell injury. True False Free radical damage can contribute to irreversible cell injury. True False Ischemia can lead to irreversible cell injury. True False Reversible cell injury can progress

Ischemia and Cell Injury Pathology Quiz Ischemia and Cell Injury Pathology Quiz Ischemia is a condition where there is a reduced blood supply to a tissue. True False Cell injury due to ischemia is reversible and does not lead to cell death. True False ATP depletion is a key factor in cell injury caused by ischemia. True False Ischemia-reperfusion injury can worsen tissue damage compared to ischemia alone. True False Oxidative stress can contribute to cell injury during ischemia. True False Ischemia can lead to cell swelling and organelle dysfunction. True False Necrosis is a type of programmed cell death that occurs during ischemia. True False Ischemic injury primarily affects

welcome listen audio: Your browser does not support the audio element. More awesome content here... Different types of forces can act on bones, leading to various types of fractures. Fractures are breaks or cracks in bone tissues that can occur due to excessive forces applied to the bone. The following are some common types of forces and the fractures they may cause: **1. Direct Force (Transverse Fracture):** A direct force is applied directly to the bone, causing a transverse fracture, where the bone breaks straight across its axis. This type of fracture often occurs due to a blunt impact or a heavy blow to a specific bone area. **2. Indirect Force (Oblique Fracture):** An indirect force is applied at a distance from the bone, leading to an oblique fracture. In this type of fracture, the bone breaks diagonally, typically resulting from a twisting or bending force. **3. Compressive Force (Compression Frac

listen to audio Welcome play now : Your browser does not support the audio element. More awesome content here... Swan neck deformity is a type of finger deformity that affects the fingers, particularly the middle and ring fingers. It is characterized by hyperextension (backward bending) of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, while the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint is flexed, resembling the shape of a swan's neck. This deformity is commonly seen in conditions that affect the joints, tendons, or ligaments of the fingers, such as rheumatoid arthritis or injury. **Causes of Swan Neck Deformity:** 1. **Rheumatoid Arthritis:** This is the most common cause of swan neck deformity. In rheumatoid arthritis, the synovium, which is the lining of the joint, becomes inflamed, leading to joint damage and deformities. 2. **Ligament and Tendon Injury:** Traumatic injuries or repetitive stress o

Bicarbonate Buffer MCQs Bicarbonate Buffer MCQs 1. The bicarbonate buffer system helps regulate the pH of: a) Blood b) Urine c) Saliva d) Gastric juice 2. The bicarbonate buffer system consists of which two components? a) Bicarbonate and chloride ions b) Bicarbonate and ammonium ions c) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid d) Bicarbonate and sodium ions 3. Bicarbonate ions act as a(n) ______ in the bicarbonate buffer system. a) Acid b) Base c) Enzyme d) Hormone 4. When the blood pH decreases (becomes more acidic), the bicarbonate buffer system helps by: a) Releasing carbon dioxide b) Absorbing carbon dioxide c) Releasing bicarbonate ions d) Increasing blood pressure 5. Bicarbonate buffer system plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance in the: a) Skin b) Muscles c) Bones d) Blood 6. Which enzyme is involved in the bicarbonate buffer

Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening in the trachea (windpipe) through the front of the neck. This new opening, called a tracheostomy stoma or tracheostomy tube, provides an alternate airway for breathing. The procedure is typically performed when a person's natural airway is obstructed or when long-term assistance with breathing is required. Here are some key points about tracheostomy: 1. Indications: Tracheostomy is performed for various medical reasons, including:    - Upper airway obstruction due to trauma, tumors, or infections    - Chronic respiratory conditions, such as severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)    - Neurological conditions that affect the muscles responsible for breathing, such as spinal cord injuries or neuromuscular disorders    - Prolonged mechanical ventilation in intensive care settings 2. Procedure: During the tracheostomy procedure, an incision is made in the lower part of the neck, just belo