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Type 1 hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response that occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, known as allergens, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators. This type of hypersensitivity is also known as immediate hypersensitivity because the reaction occurs rapidly after exposure to the allergen. It is the most common type of allergic reaction. Here's how Type 1 hypersensitivity occurs: 1. Sensitization: The first exposure to an allergen sensitizes the immune system. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process the allergen and present its fragments to helper T cells (Th2 cells) in the context of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) molecules. Th2 cells recognize the allergen as foreign and activate B cells to produce specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against the allergen. 2. IgE Production: B cells, stimulated by Th2 cells, undergo class switching to produce IgE antibodies instead of the usual IgM or IgG antibodies. The...

MCQ Test on Immunoglobulins MCQ Test on Immunoglobulins Q1. Immunoglobulins are also known as: a) Antigens b) Antibodies c) Antigens d) Antiseptics Q2. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in the blood and tissue fluids? a) IgG b) IgA c) IgM d) IgE Q3. IgA is primarily found in: a) Blood b) Saliva, tears, and breast milk c) Lungs d) Connective tissues Q4. Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions? a) IgG b) IgA c) IgM d) IgE Q5. Immunoglobulins are produced by: a) Red blood cells b) B-lymphocytes (B cells) c) T-lymphocytes (T cells) d) Platelets Q6. IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced during: a) Primary immune response b) Secondary immune response c) Tertiary immune response d) Allergic reaction Q7. Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the fetus? a) IgG b) IgA c) IgM d) IgE Q8. IgE is associated with: a) Bacterial infections b) Viral infections c) Fungal in...