Next dental exams

 Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of the hormone cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, located on top of each kidney. It plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Causes: Cushing's syndrome can be caused by various factors, including: 1. Excessive Cortisol Production: The most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands. This can be due to adrenal tumors, either benign (adenomas) or malignant (carcinomas), that secrete cortisol autonomously. 2. Pituitary Adenoma: In some cases, a non-cancerous tumor in the pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain) can produce an excess of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This, in turn, stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol. 3. Ectopic ACTH Production: Rarely, some tumors outside the pituitary gland, such as in the lungs

Sure, here is a lecture on mumps: **What is mumps?** Mumps is a contagious viral illness that can cause swelling of the salivary glands. The parotid glands, which are located in front of the ears, are the most commonly affected glands. However, mumps can also affect other glands, such as the testicles, ovaries, pancreas, and brain. **How is mumps spread?** Mumps is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are not infected. Mumps can also be spread through contact with contaminated saliva or mucus. **What are the symptoms of mumps?** The symptoms of mumps usually appear 12-25 days after exposure to the virus. The most common symptoms are: * Fever * Headache * Muscle aches * Tiredness * Loss of appetite * Swelling of the parotid glands In some cases, mumps can also cause other symptoms, such as: * Swelling of other glands, such as the testicles, ovaries, pancreas, or br

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4+ T cells, which play a crucial role in protecting the body against infections and diseases. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which the immune system becomes severely weakened, making the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain types of cancers. Here's an overview of HIV infection: Transmission: HIV is primarily transmitted through certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. The most common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and transmission from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Clinical Stages: HIV infection progresses through several clinical stages, which include

Fibrosarcoma is a rare type of malignant (cancerous) tumor that arises from fibrous connective tissue. It is classified as a soft tissue sarcoma, which means it develops in tissues that support, connect, or surround other structures in the body. Fibrosarcoma can occur in various locations, such as the limbs, trunk, or head and neck region, and it can affect individuals of any age. Here's an overview of fibrosarcoma: Causes: The exact cause of fibrosarcoma is not well understood. In some cases, it may develop spontaneously without any known cause. However, certain genetic factors and previous exposure to radiation or harmful chemicals may contribute to its development in some individuals. Location: Fibrosarcomas can occur in soft tissues throughout the body, but they are most commonly found in the arms, legs, and trunk. They can also develop in the head and neck region, as well as in deep tissues, including muscles and tendons. Clinical Presentation: Fibrosarcomas oft

SCC stands for Squamous Cell Carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that originates from squamous cells. Squamous cells are flat, thin cells found on the surface of the skin and lining of various organs, including the respiratory and digestive tracts. SCC is the second most common type of skin cancer, after basal cell carcinoma. Causes and Risk Factors: The primary cause of SCC is cumulative exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Other risk factors include fair skin, history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation, and previous radiation therapy. Clinical Presentation: SCC often appears as a firm, red, scaly, or crusted lesion with a raised, irregular border. The lesion may resemble a persistent sore, ulcer, or wart. It can occur on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, ears, neck, lips, and back of the hands, but can also develop on other areas of the body. Metastasis: While most SCCs a

Lipoma is a common benign tumor composed of adipose (fat) tissue. It is one of the most prevalent types of soft tissue tumors found in both adults and children. Lipomas are usually slow-growing, painless, and non-cancerous. Here's an overview of lipoma: Causes: The exact cause of lipoma development is not well understood. However, they are believed to result from an overgrowth of fat cells within the subcutaneous tissue, which is the layer of tissue just beneath the skin. Location: Lipomas can occur in various locations throughout the body, but they are most commonly found just beneath the skin (subcutaneous) on the trunk, neck, shoulders, and arms. They can also develop on the thighs, buttocks, and other areas. Clinical Presentation: Lipomas typically present as soft, smooth, movable lumps that can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. They are usually painless, but in some cases, they may cause discomfort or become tender if they press on nearb

Denture-induced granuloma, also known as inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, is a condition that can occur in the oral mucosa in response to wearing ill-fitting or improperly maintained dentures. It is a common oral lesion seen in denture wearers, particularly those who do not remove their dentures regularly or clean them properly. Here's an overview of denture-induced granuloma: Causes: Denture-induced granuloma is primarily caused by chronic irritation and trauma to the oral mucosa due to ill-fitting dentures. Factors that contribute to its development include: 1. Continuous wearing of dentures without allowing sufficient rest periods for the oral tissues to recover. 2. Poorly fitting dentures that exert pressure on specific areas of the oral mucosa. 3. Accumulation of plaque and debris on the denture surface, leading to local inflammation. Symptoms: Denture-induced granuloma typically presents as painless, pink to red, raised, and granular-looking lesions in the ar